Introductory Resources
Introduction to suffering-focused ethics
Simon Knutsson and Magnus Vinding
This text is a general introduction to suffering-focused ethics, a family of philosophical views that treat reducing suffering as our foremost moral priority. It describes different types of suffering-focused views and explains some reasons why the authors consider them reasonable.
S-risk: An introduction
Tobias Baumann
Future technology will likely endow humanity with unprecedented power, potentially allowing us to shape the entire universe. But if this newfound power is used irresponsibly, it may lead to suffering on an astronomical scale. Such a risk of astronomical suffering is also called suffering risk or s-risk for short. While such scenarios may seem far-fetched at first, we have good reasons to believe that their probability is not negligible. People who want to help others as effectively as possible should, therefore, consider reducing s-risks a top priority – especially if they perceive them to be important on moral grounds or neglected in practice.
Decomposing the Core Question: How can we best reduce suffering?
Tobias Baumann
The question of how to best reduce suffering captures our central aim, but it is too broad to answer all at once. Any practical effort to make progress must clarify what kinds of suffering matter most, where and when they occur, and which actions are most likely to alleviate or prevent them. We therefore break the overarching question into smaller, connected parts. This helps us move from broad ethical commitments to concrete research priorities and strategic choices, while making our assumptions and uncertainties more transparent and easier to examine.
How can we best reduce suffering?
Artificial Suffering
Joshua Jarvis-Campbell
Many experts believe that artificial consciousness and artificial sentience may become possible in the future. This report examines the risk that vast numbers of artificial minds could experience suffering on an immense scale and explores potential safeguards to reduce that risk. Given the uncertainty about the best course of action, it calls for caution, flexible policies, and collaboration.
Why altruists should be cooperative
Magnus Vinding
There are many reasons to adopt a cooperative approach to altruism. A cooperative approach can enable positive-sum compromises, make people more willing to join our efforts, and promote collaboration with others toward shared ends. Last but not least, greater cooperation can help reduce some of the main risk factors for s-risks.
How the animal movement could do even more good
Tobias Baumann
The animal advocacy movement is doing a lot to help animals, and has enjoyed some level of success. Yet there is still substantial room for improvement to allow the movement to reach its full potential. To that end, we believe it is critical to be aware of biases that may distort our thinking, such as the tendency to keep doing what we have done so far simply because that’s what we are familiar with. In this post, we outline our suggestions for the animal movement and our vision of how it can develop to reduce animal suffering (even) more effectively.
Reasoned Politics
Magnus Vinding
In Reasoned Politics, Magnus Vinding outlines a path toward better politics, and investigates which policies seem most helpful for alleviating severe suffering.
S-Risk
Avoiding the Worst: How to Prevent a Moral Catastrophe
Tobias Baumann
In this book, Tobias Baumann lays out the concept of risks of future suffering (s-risk), and argues that we have strong reasons to consider their reduction a top priority.
Suffering-focused ethics
Suffering-Focused Ethics: Defense and Implications
Magnus Vinding
In Suffering-Focused Ethics, Magnus Vinding argues that the reduction of suffering deserves special priority, and explores how we can best reduce suffering in practice.
Minimalist Axiologies: Alternatives to ‘Good Minus Bad’ Views of Value
Teo Ajantaival
In this collection of six essays, Teo Ajantaival explores how we can have reasonable and nuanced views of positive value, wellbeing, and lives worth living — all without the assumption of intrinsic positive value.
Essays on Suffering-Focused Ethics
Magnus Vinding
A collection of 34 essays that explore various questions related to the reduction of suffering. Taken together, these essays make the case for a principled yet nuanced approach to the prevention of extreme suffering.
Minimalist views of wellbeing
Teo Ajantaival
This essay explores the variety of minimalist alternatives to “good minus bad” views of wellbeing.
Varieties of minimalist moral views: Against absurd acts
Teo Ajantaival
Minimalist moral views, which prioritize reducing harms like suffering, are sometimes alleged to recommend absurd acts in practice, such as unprovoked violence or ignoring opportunities to save lives. This essay argues that the most reasonable interpretations of minimalist views do not recommend such acts.
Minimalist axiologies and positive lives
Teo Ajantaival
Minimalist views of value (axiologies) are evaluative views that essentially say: “The less this, the better.” This essay looks at minimalist axiologies that are impartial and welfarist (i.e. concerned with the welfare of all sentient beings), with a focus on their theoretical and practical implications.
Minimalist extended very repugnant conclusions are the least repugnant
Teo Ajantaival
Population axiology matters greatly for our priorities. Recently, it has been claimed that all plausible axiological views imply certain “very repugnant conclusions”. In this response, I argue that minimalist views avoid these “very repugnant conclusions”, and that minimalist views face less repugnant conclusions than do offsetting (“good minus bad”) views.
Peacefulness, nonviolence, and experientialist minimalism
Teo Ajantaival
For purely experience-focused and consequentialist versions of minimalist views, an ideal world would be any perfectly peaceful world, including an empty world. When it comes to theoretical implications about the cessation and replacement of worlds, one can reasonably argue that offsetting views have worse implications than do minimalist views. Zooming out from unrealistic thought experiments, it’s crucial to be mindful of the gap between theory and practice, of the pitfalls of misconceived consequentialism, and of how minimalist consequentialists have strong practical reasons to pursue a nonviolent approach and to cooperate with people who hold different values.
Positive roles of life and experience in suffering-focused ethics
Teo Ajantaival
A common objection to suffering-focused ethics is that it contradicts our practically prioritizing other pursuits, such as seeking enjoyable and enriching experiences. To respond, this essay aims to show that even if we assume a purely suffering-focused view, it would still be wise to recognize the highly positive and often necessary roles that other things may have for reducing suffering.
My moral view: Reducing suffering, ‘how to be’ as fundamental to morality, no positive value, cons of grand theory, and more
Simon Knutsson
Simon Knutsson outlines his moral view as a whole. He argues that one should focus on reducing severe suffering and on behaving well, and that these basics get us pretty far in terms of how to act in real life.
Answers in population ethics were published long ago
Simon Knutsson
Knutsson argues that good answers in population ethics already exist. He proceeds to question common narratives about population ethics.
On purported positive goods “outweighing” suffering
Magnus Vinding
Many moral views hold that purported positive goods, such as pleasure, can morally “outweigh” or “cancel out” suffering. Yet this notion of outweighing is more problematic than is commonly recognized, since it is not obvious in what sense such outweighing is supposed to obtain, nor what justifies it. Clarifying and justifying this notion of “outweighing” is thus a problem facing the moral views that rely on it. In contrast, strongly suffering-focused views, and harm-focused views more generally, do not face this problem.
Suffering and happiness: Morally symmetric or orthogonal?
Magnus Vinding
The purported value symmetry between suffering and happiness ought to be questioned and contrasted with alternative views. I here present two asymmetric pictures that collectively cover a broad range of axiological and ethical views. These pictures merit serious consideration.
A phenomenological argument against a positive counterpart to suffering
Magnus Vinding
This essay argues that purportedly positive experiences do not possess any property that renders them genuine opposites of painful and uncomfortable experiences, neither in phenomenological nor axiological terms.
Other Publications
On value lexicality
Replies to critiques of suffering-focused views
- Note on Pummer’s “Worseness of nonexistence”
- Comparing repugnant conclusions: Response to the “near-perfect paradise vs. small hell” objection
- Point-by-point critique of Ord’s “Why I’m Not a Negative Utilitarian”
- Reply to Gustafsson’s “Against Negative Utilitarianism”
- Reply to Chappell’s “Rethinking the Asymmetry”
- Comments on Mogensen’s “The weight of suffering”
- Critique of MacAskill’s “Is It Good to Make Happy People?”
- A thought experiment that questions the moral importance of creating happy lives
- Reply to the “evolutionary asymmetry objection” against suffering-focused ethics
Practical Recommendations
Career advice for reducing suffering
Tobias Baumann
In this post, we outline our thoughts on promising paths for those who wish to use their career to reduce suffering. What we do in our professional life is arguably our best opportunity to do good, far more so than other decisions such as consumption choices or voting (which is not to say that those are not also important). Choosing a high-impact career is therefore of critical importance for aspiring effective altruists.
Reducing Extreme Suffering in Healthy Ways
Magnus Vinding
In this chapter for his forthcoming book, Magnus Vinding explores healthy ways to reduce extreme suffering. The chapter covers issues such as dealing with uncertainty, handling Weltschmerz, and cultivating hope for compassionate impact.
Compassion for Others
Magnus Vinding
This text dives into the benefits of other-oriented compassion and explores ways to increase it.
Other Resources
- The case for suffering-focused ethics (Center on Long-Term Risk)
- Reasons to Promote Suffering-Focused Ethics (Brian Tomasik)
- Effective Altruism: How Can We Best Help Others? (Magnus Vinding)
- Reducing risks of astronomical suffering (David Althaus & Lukas Gloor)
- Artificial intelligence and its implications for future suffering (Brian Tomasik)
- Online course introducing wild animal suffering (Animal Ethics)
- Reducing Suffering Amongst Invertebrates Such As Insects (Simon Knutsson)
- Ethical analysis of purported risks and disasters involving suffering, extinction, or a lack of positive value (Simon Knutsson)
- Sentience Politics philosophy sequence
- Brian Tomasik: Essays on Reducing Suffering
- Magnus Vinding’s blog
- Tobias Baumann: Reducing Risks of Future Suffering
- Simon Knutsson’s writings on ethics